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Vespidae of the Middle East (Hymenoptera): Hornets, Paper Wasps, Pollen Wasps, Potter Wasps, and Yellowjackets https://WebToolTip.com English | 2026 | ISBN: 1041241461 | 291 pages | True PDF,EPUB | 177.97 MB The cosmopolitan family Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) comprises approximately 5,000 described species worldwide, traditionally classified into six subfamilies: Stenogastrinae, Eumeninae s.l., Euparagiinae, Masarinae, Polistinae, and Vespinae. Among vespid wasps, social behavior ranges from solitary nesting to highly eusocial societies that function as superorganisms. Vespid wasps play vital roles in terrestrial ecosystems and are recognized as efficient biological control agents, preying on caterpillars and other insects, including many agricultural pests. Additionally, by occupying top positions in terrestrial arthropod food webs and visiting flowers for nectar, they contribute to the pollination of fruit and vegetable crops. Some vespid species have become invasive pests, and/or are feared for their painful stings, which can be fatal to individuals allergic to their venom. This book presents the first comprehensive treatment of the Vespidae of the Middle East, offering detailed information on 716 valid species and subspecies across 69 genera in four subfamilies: Eumeninae s.l., Masarinae, Polistinae, and Vespinae. It provides complete taxonomic treatment of all subfamilies known from the region, along with insights into their general biology, ecology, and geographic distribution. The book also includes discussions on morphology, identification keys to genera and sometimes species, economic importance, diagnostic characters of each group, and their affinities with related groups. An extensive bibliography of over 800 references supports further study and, whenever possible, the information has been updated to reflect the most current knowledge.